India is still well-positioned to benefit from its positive relations with Russia and the United States, the two most developed space powers in the world, even though it is still unclear whether India has the long-term technological and financial foundations required to support a separate space force. This would make protecting India’s expanding satellite network easier and set the stage for coercive measures against adversary networks. Some in the Indian defence community have advocated for more drastic changes, such as creating a military space service akin to the Space Force in the United States. The exercise demonstrated an evident appreciation of the importance of having access to space by focusing on leveraging communications and reconnaissance satellites to integrate intelligence and firepower across the range of Indian military capabilities. In July 2019, all military members participated in India’s first combined space warfare exercise. The Defense Satellite Agency (DSA), headed by an air force commander, assumed control of several existing military organizations, such as the Defense Imagery Processing and Analysis Center and the Defense Satellite Control Center, and started out with a staff of 200 officers from the three services. While the latter performs duties akin to those of a fighter command in the United States, integrating space assets from the army, navy, and air force and developing strategy, the former is a research organization geared toward facilitating the development of civilian space technology for military purposes. Perhaps more significantly, India established two new space agencies in 2019: the Defense Space Agency (DSA) and the Defense Space Research Organization (DSRO) (DSA). In fielding an effective anti-satellite capability, the test put India in the same league as China, Russia, and the United States. There were some 400 fragments left after the satellite was destroyed, many of which stayed in low earth orbit for some time, despite the Indian government’s efforts to reduce the size of the debris field. In March 2019, India successfully tested an anti-satellite weapon. US recognises McMahon Line as international boundary between China and Arunachal Pradesh: Resolution
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